Motor neuron degeneration in ALS involves mitochondrial damage, lipid peroxidation, and localized neuroinflammation . These interrelated cas...
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Glutamate Excitotoxicity and Astrocytic Dysfunction in ALS
Glutamate-induced excitotoxicity is one of the most widely established pathogenetic mechanisms underlying selective motor neuron degeneratio...
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Histopathology and Diagnostic Biomarkers: The Significance of Bunina Bodies
The histopathological evaluation of motor neuron tissue in ALS reveals hallmark cellular inclusions and structural alterations . Among these...
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Pathogenesis of ALS: Multi-System Cellular Mechanisms
Introduction The neurodegenerative cascade in ALS is a multifactorial process where diverse genetic defects converge on interconnected cellu...
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The Genetic Landscape of Familial and Sporadic ALS
The discovery of genetic factors underlying familial ALS (FALS) has provided profound insight into the molecular pathogenesis of both famili...
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Clinical Heterogeneity of Motor Neuron Disease: Phenotypes and Variants
Introduction Although ALS is typically recognized by classic signs of dual motor neuron degradation, clinical presentation is remarkably het...
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Global Epidemiology and Geographic Clusters of ALS
Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis represents a global public health challenge as the premier adult-onset motor neuron disease . Epidemiology s...
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Historical Evolution of Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis
Introduction Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS) is a progressive neurodegenerative disease characterized by the selective loss of motor neu...
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Diagnostic Workup and Imaging Strategies in Unknown Fever
Introduction Investigating Pyrexia of Unknown Origin (PUO) requires a structured approach balancing non-invasive screening, advanced molecul...
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Temporal Arteritis (Giant Cell Arteritis) and Polymyalgia Rheumatica in Elderly PUO
Introduction Temporal Arteritis, also known as Giant Cell Arteritis (GCA), is a systemic vasculitis affecting medium and large-sized arterie...
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Drug Fever: Diagnostic Clues and Clinical Approach
Introduction Drug fever is an adverse drug reaction characterized by fever coinciding with the administration of a drug and disappearing aft...
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Approach to Tuberculosis as a Primary Cause of PUO
Tuberculosis (TB), caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis , remains one of the leading infectious causes of Pyrexia of Unknown Origin worldwid...
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Adult-Onset Still’s Disease (AOSD): Diagnosis and Yamaguchi Criteria
Introduction Adult-Onset Still’s Disease (AOSD) is a rare systemic inflammatory disorder characterized by the classic triad of high spiking ...
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Understanding Infective Endocarditis: Diagnosis via Modified Duke Criteria
Introduction Infective Endocarditis (IE) is a life-threatening infection of the endocardial surface of the heart, most commonly affecting th...
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Clinical Evaluation and Management of Pyrexia of Unknown Origin (PUO)
Introduction Pyrexia of Unknown Origin (PUO) remains one of the most challenging diagnostic puzzles in clinical medicine . First defined by ...
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